Heavy metal contamination of Ganga river at Varanasi in relation to atmospheric deposition

نویسندگان

  • J. PANDEY
  • RICHA PANDEY
چکیده

We investigated the mid stream water quality of Ganga river as influenced by aerially driven heavy metals at Varanasi, India. Twelve sampling stations were selected along a 20 km long stretch of the river. Mid stream sub-surface water samples collected at fortnightly intervals from all the sites were acid digested and analyzed for Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn. The data revealed that the mid-stream water of river Ganga at Varanasi is invariably contaminated by heavy metals. Highest concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb were recorded during winter and that of Zn during summer season. The overall concentration of heavy metals in water showed the trend : Zn > Ni > Cr > Pb > Cu > Cd. Concentrations of all the heavy metals were high in down stream sampling stations. Correlation analysis showed that heavy metal concentration in mid-stream water had significant positive relationship with rate of atmospheric deposition at respective sites. Although the concentrations of these metals in water remained below the permissible limits of Indian standards for drinking water, levels of Cd, Ni and Pb at three stations, were above the internationally recommended (WHO) maximum admissible concentrations (MAC). These observations suggest that use of such water for drinking may lead to potential health risk in long-run. The study has further relevance in understanding the atmosphere water interaction in polluted environment and for management of water bodies even those situated away from direct anthropogenic discharge. Resumen: Investigamos la calidad del agua de la corriente media del río Ganges en relación con los metales pesados transportados por aire en Varanasi, India. Se seleccionaron doce estaciones de muestreo sobre una sección del río de 20 km de largo. Las muestras de agua sub-superficial del centro de la corriente recolectadas quincenalmente en todos los sitios fueron sometidas a digestión ácida para analizar su contenido de Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb y Zn. Los datos revelaron que el agua de la corriente media del río Ganges en Varanasi está invariablemente contaminada por metales pesados. Las concentraciones más altas de Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni y Pb fueron registradas durante el invierno y la de Zn durante el verano. Las concentraciones generales de metales pesados en el agua mostraron la tendencia Zn > Ni > Cr > Pb > Cu > Cd. Las concentraciones de todos los metales pesados fueron altas en las estaciones de muestreo ubicadas corriente abajo. Un análisis de correlación mostró que la concentración de metales pesados en el agua de la corriente media tuvo una relación positiva significativa con la tasa de deposición atmosférica en los sitios respectivos. Si bien las concentraciones de estos metales en el agua permanecieron debajo de los límites permisibles de los estándares para el agua potable en la India, los niveles de Cd, Ni y Pb en tres estaciones superaron las concentraciones máximas admisibles (CMA) recomendadas internacionalmente (OMS). Estas observaciones sugieren que el uso de esta agua para consumo humano puede conducir a riesgos potenciales de salud a largo plazo. El estudio tiene además relevancia para el entendimiento de la interacción atmósfera agua en un ambiente contaminado y para el manejo de cuerpos de agua, incluso de aquellos que se sitúan lejos de descargas antropogénicas directas. Resumo: Investigámos a influência dos metais pesados transportados pelo ar na qualidade do caudal da água do rio Ganga em Varanasi, Índia. Doze estações amostra foram seleccionadas

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تاریخ انتشار 2010